Oct 7th The Hindu Imp News Articles & Editorial

Edition: International Table of Contents

Page 02 : Prelims Fact

The ASI’s Epigraphy Division completed copying historical inscriptions at three temples in Thirukurungudi, Tirunelveli.

• These inscriptions, discovered during renovations, provide insights into donations and practices of the Pandya and Vijayanagara periods, adding valuable information to India’s cultural heritage.

Analysis of the news:

• Inscriptions were found at Nambi Rayar, Thirumalai Nambi, and Aniliswarar temples in Thirukurungudi.
• A Pandya period inscription, in Vattezhuthu and Tamil, mentions a donation of 50 sheep for ghee to light perpetual lamps in Aniliswarar Temple.
• Another inscription at Nambi Rayar Temple records a tax-free land donation during the Vijayanagara reign, specifying land boundaries.

Complete Details About

• These inscriptions offer insights into temple rituals and donations, reflecting socio-religious practices of the time.
• Some inscriptions were partially damaged, making identification of specific donors and the reigns challenging.
• The inscriptions were copied onto maplitho paper using the estampage method by ASI’s P. Balamurugan.
• These findings will contribute to further studies and be published in the Archaeological Survey of India’s annual report.

UPSC Prelims PYQ : 2021

Ques : With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements:

1. It is a circular temple built during the reign of Kachchhapaghata Dynasty.
2. It is the only circular temple built in India.
3. It was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region.
4. Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament building.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 4

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Ans: c)

Page 03 : GS 1 : Prelims Fact

A team from the University of Mysore is excavating megalithic burial sites in Chamarajanagar district to study Iron Age culture.

• The project aims to explore the region’s historical significance and provide field training for archaeology students.

Analysis of the news:

• The site is located in a small valley formed by the Male Mahadeshwara Hill ranges.
• The burial site dates back to the megalithic period, also known as the Iron Age, between 1200 BC and 300 CE.

Complete Details About

• Burials are characterised by circles made of large boulders, typical of megalithic culture
• The site was discovered by C. Krishnamurti of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1961
• It once had over 1,000 burials, though many have been lost to agricultural and development activities.
• Despite disturbances, many burials remain intact and hold potential for further excavation
• The excavation aims to understand the region’s megalithic culture and train archaeology students in fieldwork.

What are megaliths?

• Megaliths are large stones used to construct structures or monuments, often associated with South Indian cultures.
• They typically form burial sites, ceremonial structures, or markers for ancient rituals.
• Common types include dolmens, menhirs, and stone circles, found across various regions.
• Megalithic sites provide insights into the social, cultural, and religious practices of ancient civilizations.

Page 04 : GS 2 : International Relations – Bilateral Relations

Maldives President Mohamed Muizzu’s state visit to India comes amid a looming economic crisis and significant debt repayments.

• During his talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, he seeks support for currency swaps and debt relief.
• This visit marks a pivotal moment in revitalising India-Maldives relations after recent tensions.

Challenges Faced by Mauritius:

• Economic Crisis: The Maldives is grappling with a significant economic crisis, characterised by rising external debt and a debt-to-GDP ratio of approximately 110%.
• Imminent Debt Repayment: The country is approaching critical debt repayments, including a $25 million payment due for sukuk (Islamic bonds) and a total of $1.5 billion in repayments over the next two years.
• Declining Foreign Exchange Reserves: The Maldives’ foreign exchange reserves have dwindled to about $440 million, further straining the economy and raising concerns about potential default.
• Climate Change: Threats to coastal infrastructure and biodiversity, necessitating urgent adaptation and mitigation strategies.
• Food Security: Increasing reliance on imports for food, affecting self-sufficiency and resilience.

Ways India Can Help Mauritius:

• Currency Swap Arrangement: The Maldives is expected to request a currency swap to ease its financial burden.
• Debt Support: India can provide financial support to help manage imminent debt repayments and maintain economic stability.
• Development Partnerships: Continued collaboration on infrastructure projects and security cooperation can foster long-term economic growth.
• Capacity Building: Training programs for local officials in governance, administration, and disaster management.
• Bilateral Trade: Enhancing trade relations to diversify economic opportunities and reduce dependence on tourism.

Key Insights from Recent Meeting:

• Strengthening Ties: The meeting aims to reinforce India-Maldives relations following previous tensions and the Maldives’ “India Out” campaign.
• Development Initiatives: Discussions are expected to result in MoUs related to infrastructure and bilateral cooperation.
• Positive Outlook: Leaders expressed optimism that the visit would rejuvenate their nations’ friendship and collaboration.

UPSC Prelims PYQ : 2014

Ques: Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’?

(a) Andaman and Nicobar

(b) Nicobar and Sumatra

(c) Maldives and Lakshadweep

(d) Sumatra and Java

Ans: (a)

Page 07:  GS 3 : Science and Technology

Researchers at the University of Alberta have developed a groundbreaking ultrasound technique that transforms cancerous tissue into blood-circulating droplets, potentially replacing invasive biopsies.

• This method allows for the detection of cancer biomarkers in blood samples, promising a less painful diagnostic approach.

Using Sound for Cancer Detection:

• Ultrasound Technology: High-energy ultrasound waves can be employed to break off small droplets of cancerous tissue from tumours, releasing biomolecules into the bloodstream.
• Biomarker Identification: These droplets contain genetic material (RNA, DNA) and proteins that serve as biomarkers for cancer, allowing scientists to detect specific cancer types and mutations.
• Enhanced Detection: The ultrasound technique can increase the concentration of biomarkers in blood samples by over 100 times, significantly improving the chances of early detection.
• Non-Invasive Approach: This method offers a less painful alternative to traditional biopsies, minimising patient discomfort while still providing valuable diagnostic information.

Challenges Faced by Scientists:

• Low Sensitivity: Detecting circulating cancer cells in the bloodstream is difficult due to their low numbers, requiring highly sensitive methods for accurate identification.
• Cost and Accessibility: Many existing tests, such as the CellSearch test, are expensive, limiting their accessibility to patients.
• Need for Comprehensive Trials: Large-scale clinical trials involving diverse populations are essential to ensure that the technique is effective across different cancer types and demographics.

Recent Advancements:

• Successful Single Cell Detection: Researchers have successfully detected a single prostate cancer cell in blood samples using the ultrasound method, demonstrating its potential effectiveness.
• Cost-Effective Testing: The new ultrasound-based technique is expected to reduce testing costs to around $100, making cancer detection more affordable and accessible.
• Broader Applications in Cancer: Ongoing research aims to expand the technique to detect other cancer types, such as breast cancer and melanoma, enhancing its utility in oncology.

UPSC Prelims PYQ : 2016

Ques : ‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to :

(a) Immunization of children and pregnant women 

(b) Construction of smart cities across the country 

(c) India’s own search for the Earth-like planets in outer space 

(d) New Educational Policy 

Ans: (a)

Community In News : Doukhobor community

The Doukhobor community gained attention due to their dwindling population in Georgia and the challenges they face in preserving their unique culture and traditions amid assimilation pressures.

• This situation reflects their historical struggle for identity and nonviolent principles in a changing society.

Doukhobor Community:

• The Doukhobors are a spiritual community originating in Russia during the 18th century, known for their pacifist beliefs and rejection of the Orthodox Church.
• They believe in communal living, nonviolence, and a direct relationship with God, which they express through prayer and hymns without formal rituals.
• Their ancestors faced persecution for refusing military service and were expelled from mainstream society, leading them to establish tight-knit communities.
• In the mid-19th century, about 5,000 Doukhobors emigrated to Canada to escape oppression, where they continue to thrive while maintaining their cultural identity.
• The community historically practised agriculture and collective farming, excelling in food production during the Soviet era.
• Today, the Doukhobor population in Georgia has dwindled to about 100 individuals, who struggle to preserve their traditions and heritage amidst demographic changes.
• Younger generations feel the urgency to learn traditional customs as assimilation pressures increase in surrounding societies.

Page : 08 Editorial Analysis

Context :

• The article discusses the escalating conflict in West Asia following a deadly Hamas attack on Israel in October 2023.
• It critiques Israel’s military response, its attempt to reshape the region, and the impact of ignoring the Palestinian issue.
• The article suggests that without addressing the Palestine issue, stability is unattainable.

Introduction: Changing Realities in West Asia                      

• In October 2023, U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan commented that the Middle East was quieter than it had been for decades, despite the ongoing tensions in the region.
• However, just a few days later, Hamas launched a major attack on Israel, resulting in severe casualties and hostages, leading to renewed conflict.
• One year later, the region is deadlier than it has been in decades, contradicting the previously optimistic narrative of stability.

The American Perspective on West Asia Stability

• The American Perspective was shaped by recent developments like the Abraham Accords (2020), which signalled a new era of Arab-Israel partnership, and Saudi Arabia’s moves to normalise ties with Israel.
• Additionally, the announcement of an economic corridor linking India to Europe via the Middle East also bolstered the perception of progress.
• However, the Palestinian issue was overlooked, which ultimately derailed this vision.

Israel’s Current War: The “Octopus Doctrine”

• Israel is now engaged in a three-tier war, aiming to destroy Hamas, push Hezbollah back, and weaken Iran.
  • Tier One: The war in Gaza is focused on destroying Hamas and securing the release of hostages. However, these goals remain unmet after 12 months of fighting, with over 41,000 Palestinians killed and the entire population of Gaza displaced.
  • Tier Two: In northern Israel, Hezbollah continues to launch attacks despite Israel’s retaliation, undermining Israeli efforts to create a stable border.
  • Tier Three: At the regional level, Israel is attempting to weaken Iran through direct military actions. Iran’s influence is seen through its support of militias like Hamas and Hezbollah, and Israel is trying to degrade these tentacles while targeting the “head of the octopus” — Iran itself.

Hezbollah and the Limits of Decapitation

• Israel’s recent killing of Hezbollah’s leader Hassan Nasrallah was a major setback for the group.
• Yet history has shown that decapitation does not eliminate militias like Hezbollah or Hamas.
• Hezbollah continues to launch attacks, and Israel faces significant challenges in achieving its objectives in Lebanon.
• Attempts to weaken Hezbollah or replace its leadership may not lead to Israel’s desired outcomes, as past experience has shown that militias can endure and continue to grow despite leadership losses.

The Iran Factor

• Israel has demonstrated its ability to carry out attacks deep inside Iran. However, it remains unclear whether such strikes will deter Iran from its regional objectives or from supporting allied militias.
• A “shooting match” between Iran and Israel could further destabilise the region, potentially prompting Iran to alter its nuclear policy.
• Israel lacks a clear strategy for Iran, especially without a regime change in Tehran.

Escalation and Conflict Loop

• Israel is caught in an escalation loop with no clear path to a decisive victory.
• The escalation of the conflict and expanding the war to new fronts have not yielded Israel’s desired outcomes.
• For any lasting stability in West Asia, a ceasefire in Gaza is essential, along with addressing the Palestinian question.
• However, Israel is currently more focused on reshaping the region to its advantage rather than pursuing a peace process.

Conclusion

• The last country that attempted to reshape West Asia was the United States, and it ultimately failed to achieve lasting peace or stability.
• Israel’s efforts may face a similar fate if it continues to disregard the central issues and focuses only on military escalation.